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In the article the authors attempt, on the basic of marx's philosophical anthropology, to represent philosophy as theoretical world-view [Weltanschauung], namely, as general theory of subject and object in their dialectical interaction. Authors draw the conclusion that philosophy is existential comprehension of human being-in-world [in-der-Welt-sein].

Keywords: philosophy, world-view, practice [Praxis], subject and object, human being, world, interaction, science.

The article considers the issue of the form, in which methodology appears in knowledge. First, it is argued that the methdology is part of knowledge irreducible to any discipline or sphere of study. Then, the peculiarities of the phenomenon of methodology are analyzed.

Keywords: methodology, conceptualization of foundations, knowledge, philosophy, science.

The article deals with the criticism of phenomenology from the perspective of grammatology. The author underlines that Derrida rejects the Husserl's difference of grammatology. The article shows that differences in the phenomenology was replaced several times. The latter becomes a history of phenomenology. As a result, the phenomenology was transformed into post-phenomenology. As a result, the phenomenology was transformed into post-phenomenology, which may be considered as grammatology.

Keywords: grammatology, phenomelogy, neo-phenomenology, post-phenomenology, post-fundamentalism, deconstruction, decentering, writing, difference, post-phenomenon, intentionality.

The article considers the politics and religion of cruelty of the "right wind" American Christianity. The author gives some evidence of such attitudes in American society and concludes that cruelty is the resualt of the lack of personal self-evidence.

Keywords: politics and religion of cruelty, homosexuality, abortion, "blue" and "red" states.

The author examines the influence of Kant and Shelling philosophy on the development of Russian philosophy of the 1st part of the XIX century, on its deistic-materialistic and religious-academic schools.

Keywords: Shelling, borrowing, influence, critique, deistic-materialistic school, academic philosophy.

In the article authors analyze the forms of dialectical synthesis in Marx social theory.

Keywords: dialectical synthesis, concrete-historical analysis, methodology of social science, social theory, classiacal Marxism, dialectical interpretation of communist theory, philosophical anthropology, Feuerbach.

The article deals with Tolstoy’s basic philosophy of life. He created not only artistic but also philosophical and religions works which influenced the world spiritual culture. The aim of this study is to show the integrity (completeness) and unity (harmony) of Tolstoy’s philosophy of life, his romantic tendencies in combination with critics of civilization and culture of his time.

Keywords: elements of romantic philosophy of life: mystic pantheism, rational & emotional unity of cognition, artistic, religious-philosophical characterization of three types of personality: “natural”, “civilized” and “modified” (“transformed”); study of the possibility to change “civilized” “human being” info genuine (“converted”) personality.

In two-valued algebra of formal ethics the author demonstrates a formalaxiological equivalence of corresponding “propositional attitudes” as moral-legal evaluation-functions determined by two variables. This result is a complement to the “propositional-attitude” paradigm, established by B. Russel and J. Hintikka. In the submitted mathematical representation of formal axiology, hitherto unknown “contraposition laws” are discovered and formulated precisely.

Keywords: propositional attitude, knowledge, belief, doubt, habit, desire, expectation,moral-legal evaluation-function, variable, formal-axiological equivalence, two-valued algebra of formal ethics.

The article discusses the problem of historical evolution of Modernity paradigm from its national form embedded in European context towards its global, cosmopolitan version. The article argues that the Modernity paradigm is still developing, which makes impossible to define Modernity as a finished, closed époque. On the contrary, Modernity in its political dimension is understood as continuing and open project. It is argued that, in spite of massive post-modernist critics, the Modernity remains the basic political paradigm than legitimizes and describes contemporary political universe. Various cultural, post-modernist, ecological and other discourses seen as alternatives to Modernity do not obtain the comparable degree of universality and legitimacy.

Keywords: modernity, legitimacy, paradigm, cosmopolitism, globalization, post-modernity, Europe.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the criteria of virtues, which characterizes the one who deserves power in the epoch of ancient democracy and in the time after the World War II. The author argues that the post-war list is based on the list of aristocratic virtues formed in antiquity; the ancient original was reduced to liberal version in XIX and then restored in its initial form during the period of world wars.

Keywords: aristocracy, democracy, liberal parliamentarism, class ethos.