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In connection with a growing interest to Marx's theoretical heritage, the article presents the attempt to consider various aspects and the reasons for inadequate under- standing of Marx’s philosophy (from almost complete lack of reading of Marx’s works and mixing his views with Engels’s ideas to scientist and humanistic excesses in its general interpretations). After critical analysis, authors conclude that Marx's philosophy is a system, which includes philosophical anthropology, social philosophy and philosophy of history. By virtue of the fact that the integrity of Marx's philosophy is funded on the aspiration to emancipate the human being from all forms of alienation and inauthentic being at all stages of the development of his theory, the authors oppose the division of Marx's work into «early» and «late» periods.

Keywords: philosophy of Marx, philosophy of Engels, neo-Marxism, Leninism, scientism, humanism, existential values, inadequate reading of Marx's philosophy, «early» and «late» Marx, an epistemological rupture (coupure epistemologique), the structure of Marx's philosophy.

The article is devoted to critical analysis of marxological conception developed by contemporary American researcher in the context of social history of XX–XXI centuries.  

Keywords: marxism, modern social history, marxology, idealism, materialism, materialistic comprehension of history, rationality, dialectics, philosophical anthropology. 

The paper deals with constructing and investigating discrete mathematical simulations of formal-axiological aspect of the following philosophy systems: (1) the Eleatic metaphysics – Parmenides and Melissus; (2) the metaphysics of Plato and Aristotle; (3) the dialectical materialism of K. Marx and F. Engels. The formal-axiological analysis is implemented by means of artificial languages and properly mathematical notions. 

Keywords: formal, axiology, metaphysics, contradiction, movement, matter, evaluation, function, variable, algebra.

The paper investigates socio-cultural aspects of contemporary status and development of logic. These aspects become very important with respect to the deuniversalization of the classical logic and proliferation of different types of logic systems.

Keywords: logic, history-of-logic, deuniversalization-of-classical-logic, non-classical logics, social-aspect-of logic, logic-and-the-humanities.

 
The article examines the process of achievement of the truth in collective cognition. The main idea is illustrated by the example of studying the form of the earth as well as the geographical borders of its lands and waters. The author concludes that truth and aberration in collective cognition are dialectically interconnected, while gnosiological series appears to be a form of such interrelation.

Keywords: gnosiological series, truth, aberration, the subject of cognition, the object of knowledge, epistemological way.

The paper considers the debate in contemporary philosophy of science on the concept of non-classical science – its criteria, time of occurrence and time of completion. A comparative analysis of classical and non-classical science is developed, the relationships between them are investigated. Major subsystems of science – natural, social, humanities and mathematics – are taken as a research material.

Keywords: classical/non-classical science, new/old, discontinuity/continuity, subsystems of science, natural sciences, social sciences, humanities, mathematics.

The article proposes a hypothesis that despite of the ideological opposition of the scientist and hermeneutic methodology of social science and human studies, these two theoretical approaches, in spite of their ideological irreconcilability are methodologically interconnected. These paradigms interact in cognition according to the principle of complementarity and thus compensate mutual constructive disadvantages on the macro- theoretical level. The dualism on macro-theoretical level explains both the methodological rigidity of the structure of dominating positivist language of sciences and the anti- scientist methodology of hermeneutics, which attempts to fill the gaps in cognition created by scientism. Thus, any social fact is dual and can be approached from both positions. Together hermeneutics and scientism generate meta-paradigmatic unity and form the basic methodological opposition inside the social knowledge. 

Keywords: truth, cognition, paradigm, hermeneutics, scientism, dualism, methodology, complementarity.

 Establishment of non-classical science is studied through the lens of conflict between the principles of quantum mechanics found in the works of A. Einstein and N. Bohr. An attempt is made to bring closer their ideologies formed in opposition to positivism and romanticism.
Keywords: classical science and non-classical science, quantum mechanics, principles of causality and complementarity, objectivity of physical knowledge, positivism and romanticism in science, the problem of relationship between science and philosophy.

The paper analyzes the functioning of the administrative market and its effect on the distribution of power in the political sphere. The process of the emergence and development of the administrative market in the 80s – 90s of XX century and its destruction in the XXI century is examined.

Keywords: violent entrepreneurship, region, regional elites, the political class, administrative market.

Institutional adoption to the provision of on-line government services is a complex social process which represents the unity of assimilation and accommodation. The article analyzes the institutional adoption process in Russia including formation of the legal framework and implementation of e-documents and government service portals. 

Keywords: e-government, institutional adoption, legal framework, government service portal.

Empirical research conducted in the Ural Federal District in 2011 suggests that low trust in government in Russia serves simultaneously as inducement and barrier to adoption of e-government services, while high trust in government is rather a barrier. Highest e-government readiness has been demonstrated by citizens with average trust in government and satisfaction with off-line service quality. 
Keywords: e-government, e-readiness, technocratic utopia, technology acceptance model, trust in government.